Superscript

DEFINITIONS

• 5G is the fifth generation technology standard for broadband cellular networks and have greater bandwidth , giving higher data download speeds. 5G networks operate on up to three frequency bands – low, medium, and high. A 5G network will be composed of networks of up to three different types of cells, each requiring specific antenna designs, each providing a different tradeoff of download speed vs. distance and service area. 5G cellphones and wireless devices connect to the network through the highest speed antenna within range at their location 

• AI - Artificial intelligence is intelligence demonstrated by machines, unlike the natural intelligence displayed by humans and animals, which involves consciousness and emotionality. The distinction between the former and the latter categories is often revealed by the acronym chosen. Colloquially, the term "artificial intelligence" is often used to describe machines (or computers) that mimic "cognitive" functions that humans associate with the human mind, such as "learning" and "problem solving"

• AWS – Amazon Web Services is a subsidiary of Amazon providing on-demand cloud computing platforms and APIs to individuals, companies, and governments, on a metered pay-as-you-go basis. These cloud computing web services provide a variety of basic abstract technical infrastructure and distributed computing building blocks and tools. The AWS technology is implemented at server farms throughout the world, and maintained by the Amazon subsidiary. Amazon markets AWS to subscribers as a way of obtaining large scale computing capacity more quickly and cheaply than building an actual physical server farm

• Close Range Photogrammetry – Photogrammetry is the science and technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment through the process of recording, measuring and interpreting photographic images and patterns of electromagnetic radiant imagery and other phenomenon. Close range Photogrammetry refers to the collection of photography from a lesser distance than traditional aerial photogrammetry. Photogrammetry uses methods from many disciplines, including optics and projective geometry. Digital image capturing and photogrammetric processing includes several well defined stages, which allow the generation of detailed and accurate 3D measurements and models of the object as an end product

• End to End Encryption refers to the process in which encryption of data are being done at the end host. It ensures a secure way of data communication. It is the most secure way to communicate privately and securely as data can be read-only by the sender and the receiver. No one else can encrypt the data including government or even by the server through which data is passing

• GIS - Geographic Information System is a conceptualized framework that provides the ability to capture and analyse spatial and geographic data. GIS applications (or GIS apps) are computer-based tools that allow the user to create interactive queries (user-created searches), store and edit spatial and non-spatial data, analyse spatial information output, and visually share the results of these operations by presenting them as maps. Geographic information systems are utilized in multiple technologies, processes, techniques and methods. It is attached to various operations and numerous applications, that relate to: engineering, planning, management, transport/logistics, insurance, telecommunications, and business.[2] For this reason, GIS and location intelligence applications are at the foundation of location-enabled services, that rely on geographic analysis and visualization

• GNSS - Global Navigation Satellite System is the satellite navigation or satnav system that uses satellites to provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning. It allows small electronic receivers to determine their location (longitude, latitude, and altitude/elevation) to high precision (within a few centimetres to metres) using time signals transmitted along a line of sight by radio from satellites. The system can be used for providing position, navigation or for tracking the position of something fitted with a receiver (satellite tracking). The signals also allow the electronic receiver to calculate the current local time to high precision, which allows time synchronisation

• Hybrid cloud camera systems generally require just the camera(s) and an internet connected device. There is no additional hardware to manage and footage can be accessed remotely through web-based software. But rather than streaming 100 percent of content to the cloud, they take a radically different approach that minimizes bandwidth usage. Hybrid cloud solutions store video on the camera itself and only upload thumbnails to the cloud. Thanks to smart activity detection and compression algorithms, hybrid cloud cameras often only use 20 kbps of bandwidth per camera at rest

• IoT - Internet of things describes the network of physical objects— “things”—that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the Internet 

• Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is a standard for wireless broadband communication for mobile devices and data terminals, based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA technologies. It increases the capacity and speed using a different radio interface together with core network improvements. LTE is the upgrade path for carriers with both GSM/UMTS networks and CDMA2000 networks. The different LTE frequencies and bands used in different countries mean that only multi-band phones are able to use LTE in all countries where it is supported

• ML - Machine learning is the study of computer algorithms that improve automatically through experience. It is seen as a part of artificial intelligence. Machine learning algorithms build a model based on sample data, known as "training data", in order to make predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed to do so

• RFID – Radio Frequency IDentification is the technology of transmitting radio waves to remotely identify and read embedded information on special Tags. These RFID-tags are in fact, special labels with embedded tiny radio transponder and a microchip mounted on a substrate. The RFID-tags are attached to any and all items requiring monitoring because unique and specific information can be securely written to each RFID tag. RFID-tags are available in many different shapes and sizes, to suit the item e.g. tyres, piping, transport and storage containers, drilling tools, safety equipment etc. To retrieve the data stored on a RFID tag, you need a reader. A typical reader is a device that has one or more antennae that emit radio waves and receive signals back from the RFID-tag(s). Whenever any such RFID-tag (attached to an item) passes a RFID reading antenna, the unique and specific information embedded within the RFID-tag is then automatically read and transmitted in digital form to a computer system

• Smart City is an urban area that uses different types of electronic methods and sensors to collect data. Insights gained from that data are used to manage assets, resources and services efficiently; in return, that data is used to improve the operations across the city. This includes data collected from citizens, devices, buildings and assets that is then processed and analysed to monitor and manage traffic and transportation systems, power plants, utilities, water supply networks, waste, crime detection, information systems, schools, libraries, hospitals, and other community services. The smart city concept integrates information and communication technology (ICT), and various physical devices connected to the IoT network to optimise the efficiency of city operations and services and connect to citizens. Smart city technology allows city officials to interact directly with both community and city infrastructure and to monitor what is happening in the city and how the city is evolving. ICT is used to enhance quality, performance and interactivity of urban services, to reduce costs and resource consumption and to increase contact between citizens and government. Smart city applications are developed to manage urban flows and allow for real-time responses. A smart city may therefore be more prepared to respond to challenges than one with a simple "transactional" relationship with its citizens

• Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) is a set of step-by-step instructions compiled by an organisation to help workers carry out routine operations. SOPs aim to achieve efficiency, quality output and uniformity of performance, while reducing miscommunication and failure to comply with industry regulations

• Warehouse Management System (WMS) is a software application designed to support and optimise warehouse functionality and distribution centre management. These systems facilitate management in their daily planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling the utilisation of available resources, to move and store materials into, within and then out of a warehouse, while supporting staff in the performance of material movement and storage in and around a warehouse